NEWS | SEAFARERS TO BENEFIT FROM CHANGES TO THE SCHENGEN VISA
Effective from 02 February 2020, various changes to the Schengen Visa will come into effect as approved by the European Commission in June 2019.
Effective from 02 February 2020, various changes to the Schengen Visa will come into effect as approved by the European Commission in June 2019.
South African legislation governing expatriate tax exemption is set to change dramatically from 1st March 2020, affecting South Africans worldwide. This includes anyone who has permanently settled in another country.
Thousands of South Africans will be impacted by new amendments to the Income Tax Act which will come into effect from 1 March 2020, says Nicolas Botha, a senior financial emigration specialist at Tax Consulting SA.
An amendment to the Income Tax Act will bring considerable change to the expat landscape as from March 1, 2020. Jean du Toit and Jonty Leon are the technical editors of the publication “Expatriate Tax – South African Citizens Working Abroad and Foreigners in South Africa”.
The February payment is the most crucial for provisional taxpayers – and don’t assume that you aren’t one. Taxpayers who earn additional income such as rental, trade or interest income have an important date with the taxman at the end of February. It is the time when they have to submit their provisional tax return […]
A Fin24 user planning to use their provident fund to emigrate wants to know whether they will be taxed after the first R22 500.
There is no shortage of reports in the public domain exposing high-profile individuals who are delinquent in their tax affairs, but it appears that SARS is not interested in bringing them to book.
In the recent case of CSARS v Clicks Retailers (Pty) Ltd (58/2019) (2019) ZASCA 187, the Supreme Court of Appeal (“the SCA”) sided with SARS in its interpretation of section 24C of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962. Contractors and others who avail themselves to this provision should heed the permutations set by […]
National Treasury held the annual Annexure C Workshop on 4 and 5 December 2019, where items for inclusion in the 2020 legislative cycle were discussed. (Un)surprisingly, the amendment to the foreign employment exemption was on the agenda, AGAIN.
South Africans who are working abroad need to take note of a section in the Income Tax Act that allows them to claim a credit on their South African tax liability from any foreign taxes paid on the same income.
Controlled Foreign Companies –
South African Tax Considerations
Controlled Foreign Companies – South African Tax Considerations
South Africa’s tax system includes a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) regime designed to address the taxation of income earned by foreign companies owned by South African tax residents.
Where a South African tax resident holds or controls a foreign company, they may be subject to income tax in South Africa on the CFC’s foreign income, even if that income has not yet been distributed. This is an anti-avoidance measure to prevent South African tax residents from utilising foreign companies in the avoidance of South African tax.
What is a Controlled Foreign Company?
A CFC is broadly defined in section 9D of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962, as any foreign company where more than 50% of the total participation rights or voting rights are directly or indirectly held or exercisable by one or more South African tax residents.
Where this threshold is met, and unless a specific exemption applies, the net income of the CFC must be included in the income of the South African resident(s) in proportion to their participation rights, and taxed accordingly.
Taxpayers who fail to accurately account for a CFC’s income risk audit or reassessment by SARS, especially in light of increased global transparency and data sharing through mechanisms such as the Common Reporting Standard.
Key Features of the CFC Regime
Place of Effective Management and Corporate Tax Residency in South Africa
South Africa follows a residence-based system of taxation, meaning that resident companies are subject to tax on their worldwide income.
In terms of section 1 of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962 (the Act), a company is regarded as a South African tax resident if it is either:
unless a double tax agreement (DTA) provides otherwise.
The concept of POEM is central to determining a company’s tax residency, particularly where cross-border structures are involved. It affects both foreign companies with South African involvement and South African-incorporated entities that may be managed from abroad.
What is Place of Effective Management?
Although not defined in the Act, POEM has been interpreted through South African case law, SARS guidance, and international commentary, particularly the OECD Model Tax Convention and Commentary thereto.
Broadly, POEM refers to the location where key management and commercial decisions necessary for the conduct of the entity’s overall business are made, in substance and not merely in form.
The determination of POEM is a factual enquiry, and is not limited to formalities such as the registered office, place of incorporation, or location of board meetings. Instead, it focuses on:
Application in Cross-Border Contexts
POEM plays a critical role in determining corporate tax residency in both inbound and outbound scenarios:
Both scenarios must be carefully evaluated in light of South African domestic law and any applicable DTA.
Interaction with Double Tax Agreements
Where a company is regarded as resident in both South Africa and another jurisdiction, the relevant DTA will typically contain a tie-breaker clause to resolve the conflict.
Most of South Africa’s DTAs allocate tax residency to the country where the company’s POEM is located. However, some newer treaties apply a Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP), requiring the tax authorities of both states to determine residence based on additional factors.
Correct DTA application is essential to avoid dual residency exposure and to obtain treaty relief on dividends, interest, royalties, and other income.
Practical Implications for Companies
Incorrect or dual tax residency status can expose a company to:
Permanent Establishment – Tax Exposure in Cross-Border Contexts
As businesses expand across borders, one of the key tax risks they face is the inadvertent creation of a permanent establishment (PE) in a foreign jurisdiction. A PE may trigger foreign income tax exposure for a company even in the absence of incorporation or tax residency in that jurisdiction.
South African companies with offshore activities, or foreign companies with South African operations, must be aware of the PE concept, how it arises, and how it interacts with applicable Double Tax Agreements (DTAs).
What Is a Permanent Establishment?
A PE is generally defined in a DTA as a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. Common examples include:
South Africa’s DTAs typically follow the OECD Model Tax Convention, and many incorporate updated provisions from the Multilateral Instrument (MLI), which narrows common avoidance strategies and expands the scope of PE risk.
Inbound vs Outbound Permanent Establishment Risk
Even short-term or project-based activities can give rise to PE risks if not carefully managed and monitored.
Consequences of a Permanent Establishment Finding
If a PE is found to exist:
Non-compliance can result in penalties, double taxation, and reputational harm.
In a connected world, even limited physical or digital presence in a foreign country can create tax exposure. Managing PE risk is essential for international tax compliance and operational efficiency.
Controlled Foreign Companies –
South African Tax Considerations
South Africa’s tax system includes a Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) regime designed to address the taxation of income earned by foreign companies owned by South African tax residents.
Where a South African tax resident holds or controls a foreign company, they may be subject to income tax in South Africa on the CFC’s foreign income, even if that income has not yet been distributed. This is an anti-avoidance measure to prevent South African tax residents from utilising foreign companies in the avoidance of South African tax.
What is a Controlled Foreign Company?
A CFC is broadly defined in section 9D of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962, as any foreign company where more than 50% of the total participation rights or voting rights are directly or indirectly held or exercisable by one or more South African tax residents.
Where this threshold is met, and unless a specific exemption applies, the net income of the CFC must be included in the income of the South African resident(s) in proportion to their participation rights, and taxed accordingly.
Taxpayers who fail to accurately account for a CFC’s income risk audit or reassessment by SARS, especially in light of increased global transparency and data sharing through mechanisms such as the Common Reporting Standard.
Key Features of the CFC Regime
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